| 摘要註: |
"News headlines about privacy invasions, discrimination, and biases discovered in the platforms of big technology companies are commonplace today. The headlines - ranging from comprehensive profiling of users, to microtargeting of political messages, to discrimination based on gender, race, and age - show that big tech's operations cause real-world harm. However, big tech companies are reluctant to disclose how they operate and typically do not give out specific information, such as what data they collect or how their algorithms make decisions. This secretive operation counteracts ideals of transparency, openness, and accountability. Investigative journalists have used traditional journalistic means to study big tech's operations : interviews, leaked documents, and freedom-of-information requests. However, these techniques are often limited in that they investigate only one particular aspect of one particular company ; they cannot make claims about the big tech landscape as a whole"--Provided by publisher. |